Linking Words – 1 page – Summary + Practice with Exams ( BAC2)

1. Addition (Adding Information)

Also – Too – As well – In addition – Moreover – Besides – Not only … but also

Examples:

1. Mark speaks four languages. He also has five years of experience.
2. Mark speaks four languages. He has five years of experience too / as well.
3. He speaks four languages. In addition / Moreover / Besides, he has five years of experience.
4. Mark not only speaks four languages, but also has five years of experience.

2. Purpose (Expressing Aim)

To – In order to – So as to – So that – For

Examples:

1. The student is doing his best to / in order to / so as to achieve excellent results.
2. The student is doing his best so that he can achieve excellent results.
3. The student is doing his best for success.

Structure:

• To / In order to / So as to + verb
• So that + subject + can
• For + noun

3. Cause (Reason)

Because – Since – As – Because of – Due to – Thanks to

Examples:

1. We didn’t go on a picnic because / since / as it rained.
2. We didn’t go on a picnic because of / due to the rain.
3. I achieved my dream thanks to my parents’ efforts.

Structure:

• Because / Since / As + subject + verb
• Because of / Due to / Thanks to + noun

4. Effect (Result)

So – Therefore – As a result – Consequently – Because of this – That’s why

Examples:

1. It rained. Therefore / As a result, we cancelled the match.
2. It rained. Consequently / Because of this, we cancelled the match.

5. Concession (Unexpected Result )

But – However – Nevertheless – Despite this – Still – Yet – Although – Even though – Even if – Despite – In spite of

Examples:

1. It was raining. However / Nevertheless / Despite this / Still / Yet, we played football.
2. Although / Even though / Even if the girl is nice, everybody dislikes her.
3. Everybody dislikes the girl although / even though / even if she is nice.
4. In spite of / Despite the rain, we went to school.
5. We went to school despite / in spite of the rain.
6. Despite / In spite of feeling tired, she did all her homework.

Structure:

• Despite / In spite of + noun / verb + -ing
• Although / Even though / Even if + subject + verb

6. Contrast (Opposition Between Ideas)

While – Whereas – In contrast

Examples:

1. Cities are noisy and stressful, whereas / while the countryside is calm and relaxing.
2. While / Whereas cities are stressful, the countryside is calm and relaxing.

7. Giving Examples / Explaining

For example – For instance – Such as – Like – In other words – To illustrate

Examples:

1. I can play a few instruments, for example / for instance, the flute, the guitar, and the piano.
2. He wasn’t honest. In other words, he lied.

8. Summarizing / Conclusion

To summarize – In brief – To sum up – All in all – To conclude – In conclusion – In short

Example:
I like playing football. I also enjoy swimming and cycling. To summarize / In brief / All in all, I am fond of sports.

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Exercises from National Exams
تمارين من الامتحانات الوطنية

ََA- FILL IN EACH GAP WITH AN APPROPRIATE WORD FROM THE LIST.   

1- Shelly practised well for her driving test;  __________ _____she passed it easily.
2- Mr. Philips is talkative, __________  his wife is shy and reserved.

despite –  because  of – whereas – due to – that’s why

3-Football fans often follow their teams to foreign countries ___________ support them.
4-Air pollution is mainly ___________ smoke from cars and factories

As a result – due to – however – despite – so as to

5-Jelloul speaks three foreign languages ___________ he has never been to school. 
6-The doctor says that Amal’s sleeping problems are ___________  the long hours she spends online

Because of – despite – In addition – although

7- We didn’t go on a picnic ___________   bad weather.

Because – due to – for

B- Join the pairs of sentences with the linking words given

1. Mr Ferguson’s car broke down on the way. He was late for work. (because)
   ……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Sonia went to work yesterday. She was not feeling well. ( although)
   …………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Jamal spent all the afternoon chatting. He didn’t have time do his homework ( because)
   ……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. My brother came home early. He wanted to watch the football match (so as to  )
   …………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Jawad read the instructions carefully. He wasn’t able to install the printer ( Although)
   …………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Many people learn computer skills. They want to get better jobs. ( so as to )
   …………………………………………………………………………………………
7. I like studying alone. My sister prefers working with a group ( Whereas)
   ……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Many students are dropping out of school. The school conditions have improved a lot. (although )
   ………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Malaysia exports high technology. It invests in tourism as well. ( in addition)
   ……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Randa went to work this morning. The doctor advised her to stay in bed. ( although)
    …………………………………………………………………………………………
11.  The students planted many trees. They cleaned all the classrooms too. ( Not only … but also)
    …………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Our local association is very active. Our neighbourhood is clean and safe. ( because)
    ……………………………………………………………………………………………
13.  Rachid got a loan from the bank. He wanted to buy an apartment. (in order to)
    …………………………………………………………………………………………
14.  The meeting was cancelled. The manager was sick. (because of)
    …………………………………………………………………………………………
15. The show was postponed. There were some technical problems ( due to )
    ………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Morocco has set up a large solar plant. Morocco wants to produce clean energy. ( in order to)
    ……………………………………………………………………………………………

B- Rewrite the following sentences as indicated:

1- John worked hard. He wanted to get his degree with honous.
In order  ……………………………………………………………………………….

2-Taha Hussein was blind. Yet, he wrote a lot of books.
Although ……………………………………………………………………………….

3-Malala won the Nobel Peace Prize in spite of her young age.
Although she ……………………………………………………………………………….

4-Despite being an expert, Jim couldn’t recover his files from his hard disk.
Although Jim …………………………………………………………………………

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Linking Words – 1 page – Summary in PDF